Skeletal muscle injuries are one of the most common problems in the worldwide which impose a substantial financial burden to the health care system.  Accordingly, it widely accepted that muscle regeneration is a promising approach that can be used to treat muscle injury patients. However, the underlying mechanisms of muscle regeneration have yet to be elucidated. The muscle structure and muscle...

satellite cells (scs) are the most abundant skeletal muscle stem cells. they are widely recognized for their contributions to maintenance of muscle mass, regeneration and hypertrophy during the human life span. these cells are good candidates for cell therapy due to their self-renewal capabilities and presence in an undifferentiated form. presently, a significant gap exists between our knowledg...

Obesity is increasing rapidly worldwide and is accompanied by many complications, including impaired muscle regeneration. The obese condition is known to inhibit AMPK activity in multiple tissues. We hypothesized that the loss of AMPK activity is a major reason for hampered muscle regeneration in obese subjects. We found that obesity inhibits AMPK activity in regenerating muscle, which was asso...

High-intensity eccentric muscle contraction induces muscle damage. Damaged muscles recover through different processes, including degeneration, inflammation, regeneration, and fibrosis; some of these processes are mediated through the actions of cytokines. The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is one such cytokine involved in muscle recovery and repair. In this regard, TGF-β regulates the...

Muscle regeneration is the process by which damaged skeletal, smooth or cardiac muscle undergoes biological repair and formation of new muscle in response to death (necrosis) of muscle cells. The success of the regenerative process depends upon the extent of the initial damage and many intrinsic and environmental factors. Key cellular events required for regeneration include inflammation, revas...

Background: Interleukin-6 (IL-6), as a multifunctional cytokine, was involved in the inflammation microenvironment of muscle regeneration. Result: In mice lack IL-6, less macrophages recruitment and decreased myoblast proliferation impairs muscle regeneration. Conclusion: In monocytes/macrophages, activation of IL-6/STAT3 pathway is critical to macrophages migration and myoblast proliferation d...

Regeneration of injured adult skeletal muscle involves fusion of activated satellite cells to form new myofibers. Myomaker is a muscle-specific membrane protein required for fusion of embryonic myoblasts, but its potential involvement in adult muscle regeneration has not been explored. We show that myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors induce myomaker expression in satell...

Current approaches to tissue regeneration are limited by the death of most transplanted cells and/or resultant poor integration of transplanted cells with host tissue. We hypothesized that transplanting progenitor cells within synthetic microenvironments that maintain viability, prevent terminal differentiation, and promote outward migration would significantly enhance their repopulation and re...

In obesity and type 2 diabetes, efficient skeletal muscle repair following injury may be required, not only for restoring muscle structure and function, but also for maintaining exercise capacity and insulin sensitivity. The hypothesis of this study was that muscle regeneration would be impaired in ob/ob and db/db mice, which are common mouse models of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Muscle injury...